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12th Division (German Empire)
The 12th Division (''12. Division'') was a unit of the Prussian/German Army.〔From the late 1800s, the Prussian Army was effectively the German Army, as during the period of German unification (1866-1871) the states of the German Empire entered into conventions with Prussia regarding their armies and only the Bavarian Army remained fully autonomous.〕 It was formed in Neiße (now Nysa, Poland) on September 5, 1818.〔Günter Wegner, ''Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 1815-1939.'' (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrück, 1993), Bd. 1, p.106; Claus von Bredow, bearb., ''Historische Rang- und Stammliste des deuschen Heeres'' (1905), pp.423-424〕 The division was subordinated in peacetime to the VI Army Corps (''VI. Armeekorps'').〔Wegner, p. 57.〕 The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I. The division was recruited primarily in the Province of Silesia, mainly in the region of Upper Silesia.
==Combat chronicle==
The 12th Division fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, including the Battle of Königgrätz.〔Hermann Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle unserer alten Armee'' (Berlin, 1935); Wegner, p.424〕 In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, the division fought in several battles and engagements, including the Siege of Paris.〔Cron et al., ''Ruhmeshalle''; Wegner, p.424〕
In World War I, the division served initially on the Western Front. It spent most of this period in various parts of the trenches and suffered heavily in the 1916 Battle of the Somme. At the end of December 1916, it was sent to the Eastern Front, where it did not participate in any major actions. The division returned to the Western Front in May-June 1917. At the end of September 1917, it was sent to the Italian Front, where it fought in the Battle of Caporetto. After returning to the Western Front, the division saw action in the German Spring Offensive of 1918, including the Battle of the Lys, and the subsequent Allied counteroffensives, including the 1918 Battle of Cambrai.〔(12. Infanterie-Division )〕〔''Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-One Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914-1918), compiled from records of Intelligence section of the General Staff, American Expeditionary Forces, at General Headquarters, Chaumont, France 1919'' (1920), pp. 211-214.〕
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